在使用springcloud ribbon客户端负载均衡的时候,可以给RestTemplate bean 加一个@LoadBalanced注解,就能让这个RestTemplate在请求时拥有客户端负载均衡的能力:
@Bean @LoadBalanced RestTemplate restTemplate() { return new RestTemplate(); }
是不是很神奇?打开@LoadBalanced的注解源码,并没有什么特殊的东东
package org.springframework.cloud.client.loadbalancer; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Qualifier;
import java.lang.annotation.Documented;
import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
import java.lang.annotation.Inherited;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
import java.lang.annotation.Target;
/**
- Annotation to mark a RestTemplate bean to be configured to use a LoadBalancerClient
- @author Spencer Gibb
*/
@Target({ ElementType.FIELD, ElementType.PARAMETER, ElementType.METHOD })
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Documented
@Inherited
@Qualifier
public @interface LoadBalanced {
}
唯一不同的地方就是多了一个@Qulifier注解.
搜索@LoadBalanced注解的使用地方,发现只有一处使用了,在LoadBalancerAutoConfiguration这个自动装配类中:
@LoadBalanced @Autowired(required = false) private List<RestTemplate> restTemplates = Collections.emptyList(); @Bean
public SmartInitializingSingleton loadBalancedRestTemplateInitializer(
final List<RestTemplateCustomizer> customizers) {
return new SmartInitializingSingleton() {
@Override
public void afterSingletonsInstantiated() {
for (RestTemplate restTemplate : LoadBalancerAutoConfiguration.this.restTemplates) {
for (RestTemplateCustomizer customizer : customizers) {
customizer.customize(restTemplate);
}
}
}
};
}
@Autowired(required = false)
private List<LoadBalancerRequestTransformer> transformers = Collections.emptyList();
@Bean
@ConditionalOnMissingBean
public LoadBalancerRequestFactory loadBalancerRequestFactory(
LoadBalancerClient loadBalancerClient) {
return new LoadBalancerRequestFactory(loadBalancerClient, transformers);
}
@Configuration
@ConditionalOnMissingClass("org.springframework.retry.support.RetryTemplate")
static class LoadBalancerInterceptorConfig {
@Bean
public LoadBalancerInterceptor ribbonInterceptor(
LoadBalancerClient loadBalancerClient,
LoadBalancerRequestFactory requestFactory) {
return new LoadBalancerInterceptor(loadBalancerClient, requestFactory);
}
@Bean
@ConditionalOnMissingBean
public RestTemplateCustomizer restTemplateCustomizer(
final LoadBalancerInterceptor loadBalancerInterceptor) {
return new RestTemplateCustomizer() {
@Override
public void customize(RestTemplate restTemplate) {
List<ClientHttpRequestInterceptor> list = new ArrayList<>(
restTemplate.getInterceptors());
list.add(loadBalancerInterceptor);
restTemplate.setInterceptors(list);
}
};
}
}
这段自动装配的代码的含义不难理解,就是利用了RestTempllate的拦截器,使用RestTemplateCustomizer对所有标注了@LoadBalanced的RestTemplate Bean添加了一个LoadBalancerInterceptor拦截器,而这个拦截器的作用就是对请求的URI进行转换获取到具体应该请求哪个服务实例ServiceInstance。
那么为什么
@LoadBalanced @Autowired(required = false) private List<RestTemplate> restTemplates = Collections.emptyList();
这个restTemplates能够将所有标注了@LoadBalanced的RestTemplate自动注入进来呢?这就要说说@Autowired注解和@Qualifier这两个注解了。
大家日常使用很多都是用@Autowired来注入一个bean,其实@Autowired还可以注入List和Map,比如我定义两个Bean:
@RestController public class MyController { @Autowired(required = false) private List<User> users = Collections.emptyList(); @Autowired(required = false) private Map<String,User> userMap = new HashMap<>(); @RequestMapping("/list") public Object listUsers() {return users;} @RequestMapping("/map")public Object mapUsers() { return userMap; }}
在controller中通过:
@Autowired(required = false) private List<User> users = Collections.emptyList(); @Autowired(required = false)
private Map<String,User> userMap = new HashMap<>();
就可以自动将两个bean注入进来,当注入map的时候,map的key必须是String类型,然后bean name将作为map的key,本例,map中将有两个key分别为user1和user2,value分别为对应的User Bean实例。
访问http://localhost:8080/map:
{ "user1": { "id": "1", "name": "a" }, "user2": { "id": "2", "name": "b" } }
访问http://localhost:8080/list:
[ { "id": "1", "name": "a" }, { "id": "2", "name": "b" } ]
然后我们给user1和user2分别打上@Qualifier修饰符:
@Bean("user1") @Qualifier("valid") User user1() { return new User("1", "a"); } @Bean("user2") @Qualifier("invalid") User user2() { return new User("2", "b"); }
然后将controller中的user list 和user map分别也打上@Qualifier修饰符:
@RestController public class MyController { @Autowired(required = false) @Qualifier("valid") private List<User> users = Collections.emptyList(); @Autowired(required = false) @Qualifier("invalid") private Map<String,User> userMap = new HashMap<>(); @RequestMapping("/list") public Object listUsers() { return users; } @RequestMapping("/map") public Object mapUsers() { return userMap; } }
那么所有标注了@Qualifier(“valid”)的user bean都会自动注入到List users中去(本例是user1),所有标注了@Qualifier(“invalid”)的user bean都会自动注入到Map<String,User> userMap中去(本例是user2),我们再次访问上面两个url:
访问http://localhost:8080/list:
[ { "id": "1", "name": "a" } ]
访问http://localhost:8080/map:
{ "user2": { "id": "2", "name": "b" } }
看到这里我们可以理解@LoadBalanced的用处了,其实就是一个修饰符,和@Qualifier一样,比如我们给user1打上@LoadBalanced:
@Bean("user1") @LoadBalanced User user1() { return new User("1", "a"); } @Bean("user2") User user2() { return new User("2", "b"); }
然后controller中给List users打上@LoadBalanced注解:
@Autowired(required = false) @LoadBalanced private List<User> users = Collections.emptyList();
- 1
- 2
- 3
访问http://localhost:8080/list:
[ { "id": "1", "name": "a" } ]
和@Qualifier注解效果一样,只有user1被注入进了List,user2没有修饰符,没有被注入进去。
另外当spring容器中有多个相同类型的bean的时候,可以通过@Qualifier来进行区分,以便在注入的时候明确表明你要注入具体的哪个bean,消除歧义。