相关概念:
1.What is natural language understanding (NLU)?
Natural language understanding (NLU) is a branch of artificial intelligence (AI) that uses computer software to understand input in the form of sentences using text or speech. NLU enables human-computer interaction by analyzing language versus just words.
NLU enables computers to understand the sentiments expressed in a natural language used by humans, such as English, French or Mandarin, without the formalized syntax of computer languages. NLU also enables computers to communicate back to humans in their own languages.
A basic form of NLU is called parsing, which takes written text and converts it into a structured format for computers to understand. Instead of relying on computer language syntax, NLU enables a computer to comprehend and respond to human-written text.
One of the main purposes of NLU is to create chat- and voice-enabled bots that can interact with people without supervision. Many startups, as well as major IT companies, such as Amazon, Apple, Google and Microsoft, either have or are working on NLU projects and language models.
2.What are BIO and BILOU?
BIO and BILOU encodings represent the most popular encoding schemas. The BIO encoding schema is presented in Fig., where B denotes the beginning of a segment, I represents the inside of a segment, including the ending word, and O stands for the word that does not belong to any segment.
(B - 'beginning';I - 'inside';L - 'last';O - 'outside';U - 'unit')

3.What is the exposure bias?
Exposure bias refers to the train-test discrep- ancy that seemingly arises when an autoregres- sive generative model uses only ground-truth contexts at training time but generated ones at test time.
4.What is the difference between Wikidata and DBpedia?
In more detail, DBpedia periodically retrieves information from the different chapters of Wikipedia by using statistic and data mining techniques, whereas Wikidata provides structured data to Wikipedia in real time (see Fig.)
