大数结构是一种常见的数据结构,在C++当中,我们常用vector来动态实现。除此之外,我们也可以仿照vector的思路,自己实现内存的动态分配,当内存容量达到上限时,用C-api realloc进行内存的重新分配。
#define REQUIRE2(p, q) assert((p) || (q)) #define REQUIRE1(p) assert(p) #define INITSIZE 24
先定义了几个宏,前两个是对表达式的判断,INITSIZE是动态大数结构的初始阈值,当超过了这个阈值之后,便发生扩容。
public: BigNum(const BigNum& other) : sign(other.sign), p(other.p) {} BigNum() { p = static_cast<char *>(malloc(INITSIZE)); REQUIRE1(p); } BigNum(BigNum&& other) : sign(other.sign), p(other.p) {} ~BigNum() { free(p); } BigNum& operator=(const BigNum& other) = default; bool operator==(const BigNum& other) const = default;
构造析构......注意析构要释放内存,防止发生内存泄漏。
void init() { sign = getchar(); REQUIRE2(sign == '+', sign == '-'); char c; char *start = p; while ((c = getchar()) != ' ' && c != 'n' && c != 't' && c != 'r') { REQUIRE1(isdigit(c)); if (start - p >= threshold - 1) { void *mem = realloc(p, threshold << 1); REQUIRE1(mem); p = static_cast<char *>(mem); start = p + threshold - 1; threshold <<= 1; } *start = c; ++start; } start = nullptr; }
这是关键的一部分,通过getchar函数,使得从键盘上动态读取字符,并且维护一个指针start,这样就可以实时统计大数结构当中的容量。在这里,前面定义的宏就派上用场了,需要严格检查读入的字符是否为数字(第一个读入的字符必须是+或者-符号)。
friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const BigNum& big) { os << big.sign << big.p; return os; }
重载输出函数。
private: char sign; char *p; std::size_t threshold = INITSIZE;
在内部,维护了三个成员,分别是数的符号,指向初始内存位置的指针与阈值(阈值每次发生扩容时会乘2)。
完整代码如下
#define REQUIRE2(p, q) assert((p) || (q)) #define REQUIRE1(p) assert(p) #define INITSIZE 24 class BigNum { public: BigNum(const BigNum& other) : sign(other.sign), p(other.p) {} BigNum() { p = static_cast<char *>(malloc(INITSIZE)); REQUIRE1(p); } BigNum(BigNum&& other) : sign(other.sign), p(other.p) {} ~BigNum() { free(p); } BigNum& operator=(const BigNum& other) = default; bool operator==(const BigNum& other) const = default; void init() { sign = getchar(); REQUIRE2(sign == '+', sign == '-'); char c; char *start = p; while ((c = getchar()) != ' ' && c != 'n' && c != 't' && c != 'r') { REQUIRE1(isdigit(c)); if (start - p >= threshold - 1) { void *mem = realloc(p, threshold << 1); REQUIRE1(mem); p = static_cast<char *>(mem); start = p + threshold - 1; threshold <<= 1; } *start = c; ++start; } start = nullptr; } friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const BigNum& big) { os << big.sign << big.p; return os; } private: char sign; char *p; std::size_t threshold = INITSIZE; };