SimpleDateFormat 线程安全问题修复方案

问题介绍

在日常的开发过程中,我们不可避免地会使用到 JDK8 之前的 Date 类,在格式化日期或解析日期时就需要用到 SimpleDateFormat 类,但由于该类并不是线程安全的,所以我们常发现对该类的不恰当使用会导致日期解析异常,从而影响线上服务可用率。

以下是对 SimpleDateFormat 类不恰当使用的示例代码:

package com.jd.threadsafe;  import java.text.SimpleDateFormat; import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;  /**  * @Date: 2023/7/25 10:47  * @Desc: SimpleDateFormat 线程安全问题复现  * @Version: V1.0  **/ public class SimpleDateFormatTest {     private static final AtomicBoolean STOP = new AtomicBoolean();     private static final SimpleDateFormat FORMATTER = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-M-d"); // 非线程安全      public static void main(String[] args) {         Runnable runnable = () -> {             int count = 0;             while (!STOP.get()) {                 try {                     FORMATTER.parse("2023-7-15");                 } catch (Exception e) {                     e.printStackTrace();                     if (++count > 3) {                         STOP.set(true);                     }                 }             }         };          new Thread(runnable).start();         new Thread(runnable).start();     } }    

以上代码模拟了多线程并发使用 SimpleDateFormat 实例的场景,此时可观察到如下异常输出:

java.lang.NumberFormatException: For input string: "" 	at java.lang.NumberFormatException.forInputString(NumberFormatException.java:65) 	at java.lang.Long.parseLong(Long.java:601) 	at java.lang.Long.parseLong(Long.java:631) 	at java.text.DigitList.getLong(DigitList.java:195) 	at java.text.DecimalFormat.parse(DecimalFormat.java:2082) 	at java.text.SimpleDateFormat.subParse(SimpleDateFormat.java:1869) 	at java.text.SimpleDateFormat.parse(SimpleDateFormat.java:1514) 	at java.text.DateFormat.parse(DateFormat.java:364) 	at com.jd.threadsafe.SimpleDateFormatTest.lambda$main$0(SimpleDateFormatTest.java:21) 	at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:750) java.lang.NumberFormatException: For input string: "" 	at java.lang.NumberFormatException.forInputString(NumberFormatException.java:65) 	at java.lang.Long.parseLong(Long.java:601) 	at java.lang.Long.parseLong(Long.java:631) 	at java.text.DigitList.getLong(DigitList.java:195) 	at java.text.DecimalFormat.parse(DecimalFormat.java:2082) 	at java.text.SimpleDateFormat.subParse(SimpleDateFormat.java:2162) 	at java.text.SimpleDateFormat.parse(SimpleDateFormat.java:1514) 	at java.text.DateFormat.parse(DateFormat.java:364) 	at com.jd.threadsafe.SimpleDateFormatTest.lambda$main$0(SimpleDateFormatTest.java:21) 	at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:750) java.lang.NumberFormatException: multiple points 	at sun.misc.FloatingDecimal.readJavaFormatString(FloatingDecimal.java:1890) 	at sun.misc.FloatingDecimal.parseDouble(FloatingDecimal.java:110) 	at java.lang.Double.parseDouble(Double.java:538) 	at java.text.DigitList.getDouble(DigitList.java:169) 	at java.text.DecimalFormat.parse(DecimalFormat.java:2087) 	at java.text.SimpleDateFormat.subParse(SimpleDateFormat.java:1869) 	at java.text.SimpleDateFormat.parse(SimpleDateFormat.java:1514) 	at java.text.DateFormat.parse(DateFormat.java:364) 	at com.jd.threadsafe.SimpleDateFormatTest.lambda$main$0(SimpleDateFormatTest.java:21) 	at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:750) java.lang.NumberFormatException: multiple points 	at sun.misc.FloatingDecimal.readJavaFormatString(FloatingDecimal.java:1890) 	at sun.misc.FloatingDecimal.parseDouble(FloatingDecimal.java:110) 	at java.lang.Double.parseDouble(Double.java:538) 	at java.text.DigitList.getDouble(DigitList.java:169) 	at java.text.DecimalFormat.parse(DecimalFormat.java:2087) 	at java.text.SimpleDateFormat.subParse(SimpleDateFormat.java:1869) 	at java.text.SimpleDateFormat.parse(SimpleDateFormat.java:1514) 	at java.text.DateFormat.parse(DateFormat.java:364) 	at com.jd.threadsafe.SimpleDateFormatTest.lambda$main$0(SimpleDateFormatTest.java:21) 	at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:750) java.lang.NumberFormatException: For input string: "" 	at java.lang.NumberFormatException.forInputString(NumberFormatException.java:65) 	at java.lang.Long.parseLong(Long.java:601) 	at java.lang.Long.parseLong(Long.java:631) 	at java.text.DigitList.getLong(DigitList.java:195) 	at java.text.DecimalFormat.parse(DecimalFormat.java:2082) 	at java.text.SimpleDateFormat.subParse(SimpleDateFormat.java:1869) 	at java.text.SimpleDateFormat.parse(SimpleDateFormat.java:1514) 	at java.text.DateFormat.parse(DateFormat.java:364) 	at com.jd.threadsafe.SimpleDateFormatTest.lambda$main$0(SimpleDateFormatTest.java:21) 	at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:750)    

以上异常的根本原因是因为 SimpleDateFormat 是有状态的,如 SimpleDateFormat 类中含有非线程安全的 NumberFormat 成员变量:

/**  * The number formatter that <code>DateFormat</code> uses to format numbers  * in dates and times.  Subclasses should initialize this to a number format  * appropriate for the locale associated with this <code>DateFormat</code>.  * @serial  */ protected NumberFormat numberFormat;    

从 NumberFormat 的 Java Doc 中能看到如下描述:

Synchronization Number formats are generally not synchronized. It is recommended to create separate format instances for each thread. If multiple threads access a format concurrently, it must be synchronized externally.

从 SimpleDateFormat 的 Java Doc 中能看到如下描述:

Synchronization Date formats are not synchronized. It is recommended to create separate format instances for each thread. If multiple threads access a format concurrently, it must be synchronized externally.

修复方案一:加锁(不推荐)

package com.jd.threadsafe;  import java.text.SimpleDateFormat; import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;  /**  * @Date: 2023/7/25 10:47  * @Desc: SimpleDateFormat 线程安全修复方案:加锁  * @Version: V1.0  **/ public class SimpleDateFormatLockTest {     private static final AtomicBoolean STOP = new AtomicBoolean();     private static final SimpleDateFormat FORMATTER = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-M-d"); // 非线程安全      public static void main(String[] args) {         Runnable runnable = () -> {             int count = 0;             while (!STOP.get()) {                 try {                     synchronized (FORMATTER) {                         FORMATTER.parse("2023-7-15");                     }                 } catch (Exception e) {                     e.printStackTrace();                     if (++count > 3) {                         STOP.set(true);                     }                 }             }         };          new Thread(runnable).start();         new Thread(runnable).start();     }  }    

首先我们能想到的最简单的解决线程安全问题的修复方案即加锁,如以上修复方案,使用 synchronized 关键字对 FORMATTER 实例进行加锁,此时多线程进行日期格式化时退化为串行执行,保证了正确性牺牲了性能,不推荐。

修复方案二:栈封闭(不推荐)

如果按照文档中的推荐用法,可知推荐为每个线程创建独立的 SimpleDateFormat 实例,一种最简单的方式就是在方法调用时每次创建 SimpleDateFormat 实例,以实现栈封闭的效果,如以下示例代码:

package com.jd.threadsafe;  import java.text.SimpleDateFormat; import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;  /**  * @Date: 2023/7/25 10:47  * @Desc: SimpleDateFormat 线程安全修复方案:栈封闭  * @Version: V1.0  **/ public class SimpleDateFormatStackConfinementTest {     private static final AtomicBoolean STOP = new AtomicBoolean();      public static void main(String[] args) {         Runnable runnable = () -> {             int count = 0;             while (!STOP.get()) {                 try {                     new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-M-d").parse("2023-7-15");                 } catch (Exception e) {                     e.printStackTrace();                     if (++count > 3) {                         STOP.set(true);                     }                 }             }         };          new Thread(runnable).start();         new Thread(runnable).start();     }  }    

即将共用的 SimpleDateFormat 实例调整为每次创建新的实例,该修复方案保证了正确性但每次方法调用需要创建 SimpleDateFormat 实例,并未复用 SimpleDateFormat 实例,存在 GC 损耗,所以并不推荐。

修复方案三:ThreadLocal(推荐)

如果日期格式化操作是应用里的高频操作,且需要优先保证性能,那么建议每个线程复用 SimpleDateFormat 实例,此时可引入 ThreadLocal 类来解决该问题:

package com.jd.threadsafe;  import java.text.SimpleDateFormat; import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;  /**  * @Date: 2023/7/25 10:47  * @Desc: SimpleDateFormat 线程安全修复方案:ThreadLocal  * @Version: V1.0  **/ public class SimpleDateFormatThreadLocalTest {     private static final AtomicBoolean STOP = new AtomicBoolean();     private static final ThreadLocal<SimpleDateFormat> SIMPLE_DATE_FORMAT_THREAD_LOCAL = ThreadLocal.withInitial(() -> new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-M-d"));      public static void main(String[] args) {         Runnable runnable = () -> {             int count = 0;             while (!STOP.get()) {                 try {                     SIMPLE_DATE_FORMAT_THREAD_LOCAL.get().parse("2023-7-15");                 } catch (Exception e) {                     e.printStackTrace();                     if (++count > 3) {                         STOP.set(true);                     }                 }             }         };          new Thread(runnable).start();         new Thread(runnable).start();     }  }    

执行上述代码,不会再观察到异常输出,因为已为每个线程创建了独立的 SimpleDateFormat 实例,即在线程维度复用了 SimpleDateFormat 实例,在线程池等池化场景下相比上方栈封闭的修复方案降低了 GC 损耗,同时也规避了线程安全问题。

以上使用 ThreadLocal 在线程维度复用非线程安全的实例可认为是一种通用的模式,可在 JDK 及不少开源项目中看到类似的模式实现,如在 JDK 最常见的 String 类中,对字符串进行编解码所需要用到的 StringDecoder 及 StringEncoder 即使用了 ThreadLocal 来规避线程安全问题:

/**  * Utility class for string encoding and decoding.  */ class StringCoding {      private StringCoding() { }      /** The cached coders for each thread */     private final static ThreadLocal<SoftReference<StringDecoder>> decoder =         new ThreadLocal<>();     private final static ThreadLocal<SoftReference<StringEncoder>> encoder =         new ThreadLocal<>();      // ... }    

参考:JDK8 - StringCoding

在 Dubbo 的 ThreadLocalKryoFactory 类中,在对非线程安全类 Kryo 的使用中,也使用了 ThreadLocal 类来规避线程安全问题:

package org.apache.dubbo.common.serialize.kryo.utils;  import com.esotericsoftware.kryo.Kryo;  public class ThreadLocalKryoFactory extends AbstractKryoFactory {      private final ThreadLocal<Kryo> holder = new ThreadLocal<Kryo>() {         @Override         protected Kryo initialValue() {             return create();         }     };      @Override     public void returnKryo(Kryo kryo) {         // do nothing     }      @Override     public Kryo getKryo() {         return holder.get();     } }    

参考:Dubbo - ThreadLocalKryoFactory

类似地,在 HikariCP 的 ConcurrentBag 类中,也用到了 ThreadLocal 类来规避线程安全问题,此处不再进一步展开。

修复方案四:FastDateFormat(推荐)

针对 SimpleDateFormat 类的线程安全问题,apache commons-lang 提供了 FastDateFormat 类。其部分 Java Doc 如下:

FastDateFormat is a fast and thread-safe version ofSimpleDateFormat. To obtain an instance of FastDateFormat, use one of the static factory methods:getInstance(String, TimeZone, Locale),getDateInstance(int, TimeZone, Locale),getTimeInstance(int, TimeZone, Locale), orgetDateTimeInstance(int, int, TimeZone, Locale) Since FastDateFormat is thread safe, you can use a static member instance: private static final FastDateFormat DATE_FORMATTER = FastDateFormat.getDateTimeInstance(FastDateFormat.LONG, FastDateFormat.SHORT); This class can be used as a direct replacement toSimpleDateFormatin most formatting and parsing situations. This class is especially useful in multi-threaded server environments.SimpleDateFormatis not thread-safe in any JDK version, nor will it be as Sun have closed the bug/RFE. All patterns are compatible with SimpleDateFormat (except time zones and some year patterns - see below).

该修复方案相对来说代码改造最小,仅需在声明静态 SimpleDateFormat 实例代码处将 SimpleDateFormat 实例替换为 FastDateFormat 实例,示例代码如下:

package com.jd.threadsafe;  import org.apache.commons.lang3.time.FastDateFormat;  import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;  /**  * @Date: 2023/7/6 20:05  * @Desc: SimpleDateFormat 线程安全修复方案:FastDateFormat  * @Version: V1.0  **/ public class FastDateFormatTest {     private static final AtomicBoolean STOP = new AtomicBoolean();     private static final FastDateFormat FORMATTER = FastDateFormat.getInstance("yyyy-M-d");      public static void main(String[] args) {         Runnable runnable = () -> {             int count = 0;             while (!STOP.get()) {                 try {                     FORMATTER.parse("2023-7-15");                 } catch (Exception e) {                     e.printStackTrace();                     if (++count > 3) {                         STOP.set(true);                     }                 }             }         };          new Thread(runnable).start();         new Thread(runnable).start();     }  }    

执行上述代码,不会再观察到异常输出,因为 FastDateFormat 是线程安全的实现,支持多线程并发调用。

总结

无论使用哪种修复方案,都需要在修改后进行充分的测试,保证修复后不影响原有业务逻辑,如通过单元测试、流量回放等方式来保证本次修复的正确性。

思考

代码里使用 SimpleDateFormat 类的原因是因为日期使用了 Date 类,与 Date 相配套的 JDK 格式化类即 SimpleDateFormat 类,如果我们在处理日期时使用 JDK8 引入的 LocalDateTime 等不可变日期类,那么格式化将使用配套的线程安全的 DateTimeFormatter 类,从根源上规避掉对非线程安全类 SimpleDateFormat 类的使用。

作者:京东物流 刘建设 张九龙 田爽

来源:京东云开发者社区 自猿其说Tech 转载请注明来源

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